分类归档 zudao

　　Network security and attack and defense are the direct confrontation between high-quality talents and high technology. Faced with the grim situation of network security and the rapid development of network attack and defense, western powers have integrated existing resources, established and improved centralized and unified management systems, and made great efforts to safeguard network security.

　　(A) training network information security and cyber warfare professionals

　　The National Defense University of the United States took the lead in establishing the Information Resources Combat College, which aims at training information warfare talents, and trained the first generation of cyber warriors in 1995. In June 1995, 16 "first-generation cyber warriors" of the US Army graduated from the School of Information Resources Management of the National Defense University. Their task is to use computers to launch a comprehensive information confrontation with the enemy in the information space. At the same time, based on the resources of colleges and universities, basic courses of cyber warfare are offered, such as basic courses of army computer cyber warfare planners, joint cyber attack courses, interdisciplinary network courses, etc. West Point Military Academy, Air Force Academy and Naval War College set up network security courses many years ago. In 1999, the National Security Agency began to implement the National Information Security Education and Training Plan, set up information security education and academic exchange centers in 23 colleges and universities in China, and began systematic courses from undergraduate to doctoral. The U.S. military stipulates that cyber warfare personnel must have relevant qualifications and professional skills certificates, and initially establish "network warriors" such as the "Red Army" and computer emergency teams in information warfare centers of various services. Britain, France, Russia and other countries have also put forward the plan of "future warrior system".

　　Under the background of the overall reduction of military budget and the reduction of disciplines and majors in military academies, military academies of the US military began to establish new cyberspace professional projects, many of which focused on cyber warfare. In June, 2014, West Point Military Academy established the Army Cyberspace Academy to deal with theoretical and operational problems in the field of cyberspace. In August, 2014, due to the budget cuts in fiscal year 2015, the US Air Force Academy announced the cancellation of 10 disciplines and 3 graduation design courses, but at the same time announced the opening of new computer network security majors, computer engineering and computer science majors, aiming to help students better understand the cyberspace field and the air force’s cyberspace strategy. The courses include reverse software engineering, malware, viruses, tracking attacks, network evidence collection and other malicious codes, as well as strategy and political science.

　　Under the increasingly severe situation of network security, Japanese universities have begun to cultivate talents who can cope with network attacks. In 2014, Kyushu University of Japan signed an agreement with the University of Maryland in the United States to introduce the experience and technology in cyber security countermeasures education projects and personnel training, and in December 2014, it set up a research institution "Cyber Security Center" to promote cyber security technology research and expert training. Kyushu University plans to make cyber security subjects compulsory for all students in April 2017.

　　(B) recruiting social network information hackers

　　The U.S. government and military secretly recruited computer "hackers" long ago, and the annual global "hacker" conference is the best channel for their recruitment. Federal officials have been attending "hacker" conferences since 1992. At the "hacker" conference in 2005, the Ministry of National Defense issued an invitation to all "hackers" to join. In recent years, nearly half of the attendees of the "hacker" conference are American officials.

　　At present, the US Cyber Warfare Command is composed of top computer experts and "hackers" in the world, including computer experts from the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Because the average IQ of all members is above 140, they are nicknamed "140 troops". In 2013, the US Cyber Warfare Command built 40 new cyber teams, which were completed before the fall of 2015, and 13 of them were composed of programmers and computer experts. The United States even provides scholarships for college students who are good at network deciphering technology. In exchange, college students need to work for the government for a period of time after graduation. It is reported that France has set up a post system for "hackers" of recent university graduates, and the Japanese government plans to directly recruit "hackers" for the society in 2015.

　　In the recent Ukrainian crisis, "hackers" played an important role. During the referendum in Crimea, the fierce fighting between "hackers" in Russia and Ukraine reached its peak. On March 16, 2014, the Ukrainian government website was attacked by 42 distributed denial of service attacks, which was consistent with the attack methods used by Russia in Georgia. On March 17th, Ukrainian "hackers" attacked Russian government websites for 132 times, paralyzing a large number of websites. The data volume of one attack reached 124×105 megabytes per second, which lasted for 18 minutes, which was 148 times that of Russian "hackers" attacking Georgian websites and 4 times that of Russian "hackers" attacking Ukraine on 16th. Ukrainian "hackers" have twice captured the website of the Russian State Duma and posted an anti-Russian statement on the webpage, leaving "Glory belongs to Ukraine!" The slogan. Previously, the website of the State Duma had been attacked by a "hacker", calling on Russian residents to take up arms and kill Russian Federal Security Service personnel. These attacks are carried out through botnets, and infected computers all over the world may be involved in the attacks.

　　(C) improve the national network information management system

　　The overall situation, extensiveness, complexity and destructive power of network information security determine that it must be jointly managed by multiple government departments, but this will also easily lead to the problems of overlapping and division of management. Therefore, it is necessary to set up an authoritative coordination agency directly under the highest authority above multiple departments to centrally and uniformly manage and coordinate network information security issues. This not only adapts to the overall situation of network security, but also overcomes the problem of multi-sectoral fragmentation.

　　The network information security management system in the United States is relatively perfect. Six major government departments are responsible for the specific affairs of network security, and the senior institutions directly under the President are in charge of the network information security affairs. The Department of Homeland Security is responsible for both the federal government’s network information security and defensive network operations. The Ministry of Commerce is responsible for the technical support of network systems and the formulation of network information infrastructure plans. The Ministry of Justice (subordinate FBI) is responsible for investigating cyber crimes in litigation and participating in cyber security laws and regulations formulated by Congress. The State Council leads international cooperation in network information. The administrative departments include the CIO Committee and the Inter-Agency Policy Committee on Information and Communication Infrastructure. The CIO Committee is composed of 28 federal administrative departments, which is responsible for managing network security, and the Inter-Agency Policy Committee on Information and Communication Infrastructure coordinates information and communication infrastructure policies. The Network Command of the Ministry of National Defense manages the network information operation of the Ministry of National Defense and leads the network attack and defense war of the whole army. Its commander also has the triple identity of the director of the National Security Agency and the director of the Central Security Agency, leading the American cryptology community.

　　In order to avoid all kinds of problems caused by the overlapping of multi-departmental functions, the United States has set up an authority directly under the president to coordinate and manage network information security. In 2009, the National Communication and Network Security Control Joint Coordination Center was established to coordinate and integrate the network security management information of six major government departments, and analyze and report it to the President. In the same year, the White House Cyber Security Office was established, and the special assistant to the President concurrently served as the White House Cyber Security Coordinator to coordinate the daily affairs of cyber security in the United States and make plans. In 2010, the United States will pass the Cyber Security Act of 2009, authorizing the President to declare a state of cyber security emergency and restrict the power of important information networks related to national security. The Information Security Policy Committee and the Presidential Key Infrastructure Protection Committee directly under the President are responsible for providing network information security status, policy recommendations, and coordinating the implementation of relevant plans. The authoritative organization coordinates and manages the six major government departments, ensuring the high efficiency of comprehensive coordination and cooperation and division of labor among departments, and effectively safeguarding the security of network information.

　　Russia has also established a network information management system similar to that of the United States. Specific departments are responsible for division of labor, and the authority directly under the President conducts centralized management and coordination. Russian government departments specifically responsible for network information security include the Federal Ministry of Communications and Information, the National Security Conference, the Ministry of National Defense and the Federal Security Service. The coordination agencies directly under the President include the National Technical Committee and the National Information Policy Committee. The former is responsible for formulating and implementing unified technical policies and legal norms for network information security, while the latter leads and coordinates the relevant work of the information security protection department. The national security conference has a special agency and special unit responsible for counter-information warfare. The Russian Cyber Command will soon be established, either directly under the Ministry of National Defense or as an independent unit.

　　(D) the formation of a unified network combat force.

　　At present, more than 100 countries have set up special departments in the military to fight against cyberspace, but only a handful of countries have the ability to fight long-term cyber warfare. American services have their own cyber warfare units for a long time. The US Navy established the Fleet Cyber Command and the 10th Fleet (including the Naval Fleet Information Warfare Center and its subordinate computer emergency response unit) on the basis of the Cyber Warfare Command. The Air Force established the Cyberspace Command based on the 24th Air Wing, which has jurisdiction over 67 Cyber Warfare Wing, 688 Information Warfare Wing, 689 Combat Communication Wing, Air Force Network Integration Center, Computer Emergency Response Unit, 92nd Information Warfare Invasion Team, etc., to further integrate the Air Force’s existing cyber combat forces and improve the effectiveness of network integration. The U.S. Army established the Army Forces Network Command and the Computer Emergency Response Unit, whose duty is to safeguard the security of the information systems of the Army bases, and launch information network attacks when necessary to invade, destroy, paralyze or even control other countries’ military networks. The United States Marine Corps has also set up a cyber command.

　　In 2005, the U.S. military reorganized the Strategic Command. This supreme command organ, which mainly planned and coordinated global nuclear strikes in the Cold War, was entrusted with the important task of commanding the cyber warfare of the whole army, and it was under the jurisdiction of the global cyber warfare joint task force and the cyber warfare joint function to form the command. In 2006, the US Department of Defense established the "Network Media Warfare Force", whose members are both computer experts and excellent "journalists". They monitor the Internet 24 hours a day in order to correct wrong information in time, help the US military to deal with "inaccurate information" and actively guide the spread of self-interested reports. With the rapid development of cyber warfare, in 2009, the US military established the Cyber Command on the basis of integrating the cyber warfare forces of various arms and services, and merged the global cyber warfare joint task force and the cyber warfare joint function to form the command. Together with the missile defense force and the strategic nuclear force, it belongs to the US Strategic Command, and it was officially put into operation in May 2010, thus establishing a centralized and unified leadership system for cyber warfare forces, and the United States became the first country in the world to introduce war agencies into the Internet. At present, the network command has a strength of about 1,100 people, and it is planned to increase to 6,000 people in 2016. According to the plan, the cyber warfare forces of the entire US military will be fully formed around 2020. By then, it will take on the task of network attack and defense.Ensure that the U.S. military will have all-weather global alert monitoring, transmission and attack control capabilities, and ensure that the U.S. military has a comprehensive information advantage in future wars.

　　Japan, Russia and Britain also attach great importance to the construction of cyber warfare forces. On March 26, 2014, the Japanese Self-Defense Force formally established the cyber warfare special force "Cyber Defense Team", which is composed of about 90 self-defense members from the land, sea and air self-defense forces. It is directly under the Ministry of Defense and is supervised and commanded by the Chief of Staff of the Self-Defense Force. The "cyber defense team" unified the cyber warfare forces and resources of the original land, sea and air self-defense forces. The Russian Cyber Command will be established in the near future. The newly-built Russian Cyber Command may be directly affiliated to the Ministry of National Defense, or it may be established as an independent arm similar to airborne troops and strategic rocket soldiers.

　　(5) Coordinate and control the positions of the allies in cyber warfare.

　　The US military has also extended the control tentacles of cyber warfare to its allies in an attempt to control the cyber warfare forces of its allies. A document provided by Snowden shows that the "Five Eyes" spy alliance, which consists of spy agencies of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, launched a cyber espionage activity called "Network Magician", and published false information on the Internet to manipulate online speech, so as to obtain the required information. Under the impetus of the United States, in 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense signed a "Cyber Security Cooperation Agreement" with NATO to promote the establishment of a cyber combat force in NATO according to the cyber warfare mode of the U.S. military. In 2008, the United States pushed NATO to set up a network rapid reaction force to strengthen NATO’s network attack and defense capabilities. Its commander members came from the US military, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, etc. The US military will use NATO’s hand to extend its cyber warfare tentacles to the whole world. On April 27, 2015, the new version of the US-Japan defense cooperation guidelines pointed out that cybersecurity is the key to deepening the military partnership between the United States and Japan, which also includes information sharing in cyberspace. On May 30, 2015, the United States and Japan signed a joint statement on the provision of cyber defense umbrella by the United States to Japan.

　　(This article is taken from the Ukrainian Crisis Warning Record — published by National Defense Industry Press in March 2016; — — War preparation on the road of peaceful development. )

1905 movie network news The latest work of Kitaro Kosaka, a disciple of animation master Miyazaki Hayao, was finalized in the Mainland. On January 29th, "Spring House" officially opened for business. The film tells the story of Guan Zhizi, a girl in the sixth grade of primary school, who was adopted by her grandmother because of her parents’ accidental death and gained the ability to see the "guardian spirit". And with the help of incredible friends, I assumed the responsibility of running the "Spring House" to cure the hot spring hotel and embarked on a spiritual journey of self-growth.

The "Spring House" is open for business, and both adults and children can be cured.

In Okko’s Inn’s story, because grandma is old, the "Spring House" hot spring hotel is facing the dilemma that no successor is about to close down. Xiao Zhi, who is only 12 years old, bravely took over the burden and became the new proprietress of the hotel. In the process of becoming a qualified proprietress, Xiaozhi is optimistic, goes all out to treat customers, heals every customer who comes to the "Spring House", and gradually grows up by herself in the wonderful encounter with different customers, gaining physical and mental experience, and gradually understands the meaning of "accepting everything and curing everything" taught by her grandmother.

Okko’s Inn exposed the hand-painted version of the poster, the picture is warm and full, full of texture, and the warm "Spring House" officially opened for business! The lovely young lady Guan Zhizi, grandma Fengzi and "Pink Float" classmate Akino Makoto all appeared on the stage, hiding a mystery in the exquisitely laid-out Japanese hot spring hotel, and there are still many incredible friends.

Although she lost her parents’ company when she was young, Xiaozhi, who became a small proprietress, strongly chose to open the door to welcome guests and received customers from all directions who needed healing. With the help of strange friends, she also found the meaning of meeting and separation. The spring water of "Flower Soup" hot spring will heal everyone, regardless of gender, age and age.

Gold medal production is the first sincere work of Miyazaki Hayao disciple Kitaro Kosaka in the Mainland.

Okko’s Inn is adapted from a popular children’s novel written by Japanese writer Ling Zhanghong. The original work has sold 3 million copies since it was released in 2003, and now the film version of this super popular work has been released in the mainland, causing great repercussions among fans who have been paying attention to it.

The gold medal production team of the Okko’s Inn film version is even more exciting. Director Kitaro Kosaka has participated in many well-known animation works such as Miyazaki Hayao, and Reiko Yoshida, who created the film, wrote the screenplay, and was dubbed by the popular voice actor Mizuki Nana, Matsuda Sasui, and Seiran Kobayashi, who was born as a child star.

Impressed Makoto Shinkai and won many international animation heavyweight awards.

After the film was released in Japan, it quickly occupied the first place in the Twitter film category discussion, and moved the animation master Makoto Shinkai, who praised: "Okko’s Inn is really wonderful! I was teased many times and made to cry several times. As an animation, there are not only many things to see technically, but also the story itself is quite moving. I really look forward to seeing the follow-up stories on the big screen! "

In addition to the recognition of word-of-mouth and audience’s enthusiasm for watching movies, the film has also been affirmed by major film awards. At present, it has been shortlisted for the best animated feature film in the 92nd Oscar, and has been nominated for the best independent animated feature film in the 47th Animated Anne Award, the best animated film in the 42nd Japan Film Academy Award, the best animated film in the 73rd Japan Daily Film Festival, the audience’s favorite award for innovation and Excellence in the 20th Korea Fuchuan International Animation Film Festival, the animated film award in the 28th Japan Film Critics Award, and so on. The blessing of many international awards has made the film earn enough expectations.

Recently, Lectra Motor announced the price adjustment of its 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance model, and added a series of options. With its excellent performance and fashionable design, this model has attracted the attention of many consumers once it came out. This paper will introduce the parameters, price and new accessories of the LECK 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance version in detail to help you understand this model more deeply.

Lectra 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance edition is a model with excellent power and performance. The length, width and height of the car are 4744/1914/1656mm, and the wheelbase is 2848 mm. With 21-inch rims, the car looks more fashionable and dynamic. In addition, the model also uses Michelin tires with the size of 255/40 ZR21, which ensures excellent handling and comfort.

In terms of price, the price of Lectra 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance version has been adjusted. The original price of the model was 359,900 yuan, and now it is reduced to 329,900 yuan, a straight drop of 30,000 yuan. At the same time, there is no extra charge for the new options, and consumers can freely match them according to their own needs, which undoubtedly increases the cost performance of this model.

In order to let you know more about the newly added accessories of the LECK 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance edition, we will introduce them in detail from three aspects: color, material and function.

First of all, in terms of color, the model has added three optional body colors: pearlescent white, graphite gray and phantom blue. These fashionable colors give consumers more choices and can customize their own cars according to their own preferences.

Secondly, in terms of materials, the Lectra 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance edition has added a variety of interior styles and materials for consumers to choose from. Seat fabrics can be mixed with leather and suede, and at the same time, you can choose a contrast color design to show a more sporty style. In addition, the center console and door panels also provide a variety of materials for consumers to choose from, making your car more personalized.

Finally, in terms of functions, the Lectra 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance edition has added a series of technology configurations. Consumers can choose to carry L2+ intelligent driving assistance system, including full-speed adaptive cruise, lane departure warning, lane keeping and other functions, which makes driving more convenient and safe. In addition, the model also provides a number of practical configurations such as wireless charging of mobile phones and heating of front seats for consumers to choose from.

Generally speaking, the price adjustment of the LECK 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance version and the addition of new accessories undoubtedly increase the cost performance of this model. The choice of more colors, materials and functions not only allows consumers to customize their cars according to their own preferences, but also shows the deep understanding and positive response of Lexus to consumer needs. These changes make the LEEK 08 EM-P four-wheel drive performance version more competitive in the market, which is believed to attract more consumers’ attention and love.

Having a baby without marriage is hard for ordinary people to understand, let alone those shining stars.

But Diamond dares, and her confidence undoubtedly comes from her father, Hua Chenyu.

Everyone knows Hua Chenyu’s talent. People who like him like him desperately, while those who don’t like him are abusive, but this does not prevent Hua Chenyu from continuing to become popular.

When Diamond and Hua Chenyu got together was unknown, and it was not until the news of a child came out that everyone recovered.

Judging from the intersection of the two, this fate came from the reality show "Singing Around the World", because both of them were born in the draft, and their respective strengths were also good. They had a joint music creation in the program, and it was inevitable that appreciate each other would have a good impression.

Moreover, in the program, Diamond is particularly patient with Hua Chenyu and likes to chat with Hua Chenyu. It is understandable to be together for a long time. It can only be said that the confidentiality work is too good for everyone to know.

The decision to have children out of wedlock was made by Diamond privately. In order to have children, Diamond put down her work and went abroad specially. In her words, she didn’t intend to make it public, but in the end, she couldn’t bear to have children without a father, so she announced that she had children out of wedlock.

Of course, there was another episode, the love affair between Hua Chenyu and G.E.M.. Although they didn’t openly admit that they were together, both of them were photographed on their New Year’s Eve birthdays together. G.E.M. also paid a lot for this relationship. Her songs "Painting", "Missed Well" and "After a Long Time" are all suspected to be about her and Hua Chenyu’s emotional experience.

It’s a pity that we didn’t wait for Hua Chenyu G.E.M.’s love statement, but waited for the news that Diamond had an unmarried child.

Diamond wrote a short composition about her experience of giving birth to a child, revealing a different kind of strength between the lines. Hua Chenyu was also very responsible after learning about it, and publicly said that he would be a good father.

However, for the daughter who suddenly appeared, Hua Chenyu chose the paternity test. After all, anyone who suddenly appeared with a child muttered in his heart. After two paternity tests, Hua Chenyu learned that the child was his, so it was natural for him to assume the responsibility of his father.

However, for the contact with Diamond, Hua Chenyu didn’t say a word, and their love marriage didn’t follow up.

Most netizens speculated that Diamond wanted to get married with his son, but emotionally Hua Chenyu had lost his nostalgia, so he only recognized the child and didn’t recognize Zhang.

Some netizens speculated that at that time, Diamond’s announcement that his children were going out for business was breaking the relationship between Xinhua Chenyu and G.E.M.. After all, if they finally got together, Diamond would never have a chance to return to Hua Chenyu.

Of course, these are everyone’s guesses, and the real reason is estimated to be known only by the parties concerned.

But on the other hand, Diamond chose to have children out of wedlock despite the word-of-mouth crash. Is she really fond of children and nostalgic for Hua Chenyu? Where does her motivation for having children out of wedlock come from?

It is estimated that only Hua Chenyu’s identity can explain this. If the Hua Chenyu family is really rich, then it is natural for Diamond to have a chance.

The fact is that Hua Chenyu’s family is really not an ordinary family. His father Hua Fuxiong runs minerals, real estate, hotels and other industries. It is said that his annual income is as high as 1.8 billion. Such strength and background are enough for Diamond to take a risk, and it makes sense to have children without telling Hua Chenyu. After all, if Hua Chenyu knew that Diamond was happy, and their relationship had faded, he would definitely not agree to the birth of the child.

Emotionally, although Hua Chenyu has no nostalgia for Diamond, he still chooses to give Diamond good material conditions because of the fetters of his children. It is said that he has privately given a villa, and there is a lot of living expenses every month, which is also considered as compensation for Diamond.

However, in the entertainment industry, things are unpredictable. Who can be sure that two people can’t go to the end? After all, having a child is different after all, don’t you think?

Editor in charge:

2024 can be said to be the most competitive year in the automobile market. At the beginning of the year, BYD Qin PLUS set off a new wave of price wars at a price of 79,800 yuan. At present, 2024 has come to an end, and 2025 is approaching. Major car companies also plan to make great efforts in the new year, especially their own brands, and plan to make persistent efforts in the case of soaring market performance.At present, Geely Automobile, Baojun Automobile, HarmonyOS Zhixing and Xpeng Motors have all announced their plans for 2025.Let’s see what "means" there are.

Traditional car companies concentrate their advantages on hybrid cars.

In this era full of changes, traditional car companies are trying to transform electric shock and integrate internal resources to find new ways to survive. Even Geely Automobile, which has always advocated the diversified development of brands, plans to focus on brands in the coming year of 2025. Not long ago, Geely Automobile announced the merger of the two brands, Krypton and Lectra. However, in the future, they will still maintain a dual-brand strategy and be relatively independent in the market.

An Conghui, president of Geely Holding Group, chairman of Geely Automobile Group and CEO of Extreme Krypton, said that after the merger of Extreme Krypton and Lectra, it will be called "New Extreme Krypton". In the future, the resources of technology, channels and services of the two brands will be integrated, and the new models will also cover about 60% of the market segments, and it is planned to hit the annual sales target of 650,000 vehicles in 2025.

In order to achieve the sales target in 2025, all the models under the brand will be equipped with intelligent hybrid technology to realize the electrification of all products. However, the product information of Krypton brand has not been announced.It is reported that in the future, the polar krypton will focus on medium and large-sized cars, and Lectra will focus on small and medium-sized cars.

The car company that also announced the plan for 2025 is Baojun Automobile, and plans to launch two new models, which are expected to be Baojun’s six-seat full-scene intelligent SUV and Baojun’s intelligent flagship car-Baojun.The former is planned to be unveiled in the fourth quarter of 2024, and the latter is planned to be listed in the first half of 2025.

It is reported that both new cars are labeled as "smart", and the new cars are expected to be equipped with smart driving technology, and next year’s new products are expected to be further improved in terms of smart driving. In addition, there are pure electric versions and plug-in hybrid versions, of which the plug-in hybrid version has a pure electric cruising range of 101 kilometers.

Through the planning of the two brands "New Extreme Krypton" and "Baojun", it is not difficult to see that the field of hybrid vehicles will be the general trend in 2025. Hybrid cars have no anxiety about battery life and recharging, and have become the market’s favorite, while "New Extreme Krypton" is endorsed by Geely Automobile. As a traditional car company, Baojun and the two brands have rich experience in matching and optimizing engines, gearboxes and power systems, which can empower the research and development of hybrid cars.

In addition, in the future, Baojun’s new models are also expected to be relatively close to the people in terms of price. It is estimated that the price threshold for high-end intelligent driving will be further lowered. Perhaps consumers will have a new energy vehicle that can automatically change lanes and automatically enter and exit ramps with a budget of about 100,000 yuan in 2025.

The new technology of the new forces has reached new heights.

Playing with intelligence, new car companies are not to be outdone. At present, HarmonyOS Zhixing, Xpeng Motors, LI and other new car companies have also announced their plans for 2025. Among them,In 2025, HarmonyOS Zhixing will launch the following two models: Wenjie M8, Xiangjie S9 Extended Range Edition, Zunjie S800 and Zunjie II. At the same time, the existing models will also introduce modified models. In addition, Zhijie is also expected to launch a new model in 2025.

The S800 design is full of interesting points. Earlier, Yu Chengdong, managing director of Huawei, chairman of BG and chairman of BU, a smart car solution, said that Zunjie is beyond your imagination and will be more luxurious, higher-end and smarter than Rolls-Royce. In addition to the same, with Huawei’s latest equipment, the new car is expected to have a more luxurious rear seat experience, which is expected to be two independent seats. The time to market for new cars is before the spring of 2025.

Let’s look at Xpeng Motors again. In 2025, two brand-new models will be launched, including the first Kunpeng super electric system model in Tucki, including extended-range models. At the same time, a number of models will be redesigned in Xpeng Motors next year, and at least four new cars will be launched throughout the year.P7+ will become a new starting point for the overall improvement of the gross profit margin of the new generation of vehicles in Tucki. All new models and modified models will be equipped with a series of new technologies of P7+.

Tucki Kunpeng super electric system includes extended range system and pure electric system. The hybrid system can support pure electric battery life of 430km and comprehensive battery life of 1400km, and it is equipped with 5C overcharge, which exceeds 1 km in one second, and the efficiency of electric drive CLTC is 93.5%. In the future, this system will be popularized all over the world.

LI, the elder brother of the new power camp, has not slowed down the pace of pushing new cars.It is planned to launch a number of 800V high-voltage pure electric vehicles in 2025, including five extended-range models, one super flagship model and five pure electric vehicles.. In addition, it will also be launched in March 2025, and Xiaomi’s first SUV model will also be unveiled soon. The third brand firefly of Weilai will also start to deliver new models next year.

From this point of view, extended-range vehicles have gradually become the starting point of new car companies. LI and Wen Jie’s success in the field of extended-range vehicles shows that the development prospect of this subdivision is not small. In the future, Xpeng Motors will be added to this field, and Xpeng Motors has a good performance in intelligent driving technology and brand power, which is expected to stir up a lot of waves in the field of extended-range vehicles.

Not only that, the new power models entering the market next year will have better performance in terms of intelligent driving, performance and charging, and even the price threshold of new models is expected to be lower and lower. You know, firefly Firefly is a brand-new brand launched for the low-end market. In the future, perhaps more new car companies will follow Weilai’s footsteps and launch more low-end models in exchange for more market share.

In 2025, the willingness of new and old car companies to compete for the hybrid car market will be enhanced. In addition to "Xinji Krypton", Baojun, HarmonyOS Zhixing and Ideality, car companies will further strengthen the hybrid car camp. Xpeng Motors, which has always focused on pure electric vehicles, has also begun to lay out hybrid cars, and it is estimated that more car companies will follow suit in the future. In addition, new energy vehicles will integrate more other scientific and technological elements, thus achieving higher performance and more intelligent functions, and even the price is expected to be more close to the people.

　　习主席在党的二十大报告中指出，从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。其中“以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”这一重要论断，内涵丰富、思想深刻，具有重大理论价值和实践指导意义，需要我们深入学习领悟。

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　　近代以来，无数仁人志士孜孜以求的目标，就是改变中国贫穷落后面貌，实现民族复兴。实现民族复兴，就必须推进国家现代化。然而历史却证明，想走西方国家现代化的路子行不通，照抄照搬别国工业化发展的模式也“水土不服”。只有在中国共产党领导下，才能彻底推翻“三座大山”，完全实现民族独立自主，基本建立起社会主义制度，不断探索具有中国特色的现代化道路，明确提出和全面推进我国社会主义现代化建设的目标和任务。从第三届全国人大一次会议提出“四个现代化”的战略目标，到党的十二大鲜明提出“走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义”，特别是党的十八大以来，我们党对建设社会主义现代化国家在认识上不断深入、战略上不断成熟、实践上不断丰富、理论上不断创新，成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。

　　The Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress systematically expounded the characteristics and essential requirements of Chinese modernization in China, and clearly described the grand blueprint and bright future of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way, that is, basically realizing socialist modernization from 2020 to 2035; From 2035 to the middle of this century, China will be built into a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power. By then, China’s material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization and ecological civilization will be comprehensively improved, the national governance system and governance capacity will be modernized, and China will become a country with leading comprehensive national strength and international influence, and the common prosperity of all people will be basically realized. Our people will enjoy a happier and healthier life, and the Chinese nation will stand among the nations of the world with a more high-spirited attitude. Under the leadership of the Party, we will unswervingly follow the road of Chinese modernization, firmly hold the destiny of China’s development and progress in our own hands, and strive for greater victory and glory for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　two

　　Report to the 20th CPC National Congress of the Party pointed out that Chinese-style modernization is a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), which not only has the common characteristics of modernization in all countries, but also has the characteristics of China based on its own national conditions. Chinese-style modernization is a modernization with a huge population, the common prosperity of all people, the coordination of material civilization and spiritual civilization, the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, and the modernization of peaceful development. These important expositions clarify the basic characteristics of Chinese modernization: First, the population is huge. China is the most populous country and the largest developing country in the world, and its huge population has entered modernization, which is unprecedented in the world. More than 1.4 billion people have entered a modern society as a whole, and its scale exceeds the sum of the existing developed countries, which will completely rewrite the modern world map. Second, all the people are rich together. Prosperity is the goal pursued by modernization in all countries, but Chinese modernization pursues the common prosperity of all people. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism, which highlights the socialist nature of Chinese modernization, enriches the connotation of human modernization, and contributes to solving human problems with China wisdom and China’s plan. Third, material civilization and spiritual civilization are in harmony. Abundance in material and spirit is the fundamental requirement of socialist modernization. The coordination of "two civilizations" is the proper meaning of Chinese modernization. Chinese-style modernization requires not only a substantial improvement in material living standards, but also a rich and colorful spiritual and cultural life, which overcomes the congenital ills of capitalist modernization.“当高楼大厦在我国大地上遍地林立时，中华民族精神的大厦也应该巍然耸立。”四是人与自然和谐共生。西方传统工业化在创造巨大物质财富的同时，也加速了对自然资源的攫取，打破了地球生态系统原有的循环和平衡，造成严重的环境污染，难以持续发展。中国式现代化绝不走西方现代化的老路，而是坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路，坚定不移走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，实现中华民族永续发展。五是走和平发展道路。不同于一些国家通过战争、殖民、掠夺等方式实现现代化的老路，中国式现代化坚持走和平发展道路，要在坚定维护世界和平与发展中谋求自身发展，又以自身发展更好维护世界和平与发展。

　　习主席在报告中还概括了中国式现代化9个方面的本质要求，即坚持中国共产党领导，坚持中国特色社会主义，实现高质量发展，发展全过程人民民主，丰富人民精神世界，实现全体人民共同富裕，促进人与自然和谐共生，推动构建人类命运共同体，创造人类文明新形态。这些本质要求紧密联系、内在贯通，蕴含了新时代10年党治国理政的成功经验，是马克思主义中国化时代化的一次重大创新，将为推进中国式现代化提供根本遵循。

　　In the world, there is neither a model of modernization based on one respect nor a universal standard of modernization. Chinese-style modernization is rooted in the land of China and conforms to the reality of China. The unique national conditions, cultural traditions and historical process determine that China must unswervingly and independently push forward the modernization suited to its own characteristics. Chinese-style modernization road was explored by the Communist Party of China (CPC), who constantly combined the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and led the people of China to stand on the reality of China and work hard on the land of China. Chinese-style modernization is the inevitable choice of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and all the people of China for the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. The great changes in the new era in the past 10 years fully show that Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road is not only right and feasible, but also stable and good. Chinese-style modernization has made scientific socialism glow with great vitality in China in the 21st century, provided a new choice for mankind to realize modernization and created a new form of human civilization.

　　三

　　宏伟蓝图鼓舞人心，光荣使命催人奋进。党的二十大报告擘画了全面建成社会主义现代化强国的宏伟蓝图，对以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴作出了一系列重大决策部署。习主席指出，“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，是一项伟大而艰巨的事业，前途光明，任重道远”“我们必须增强忧患意识，坚持底线思维，做到居安思危、未雨绸缪，准备经受风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大考验”。以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴，是我们这一代人肩负的重大使命，也是人类历史上前所未有的伟大创举。今天，我们比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标，同时必须准备付出更为艰巨、更为艰苦的努力。

　　On the new journey to achieve the goal of the second century, how can we live up to the times and the people, and ensure that Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s mighty ship will ride the wind and waves and be stable and far-reaching? Report to the 20th CPC National Congress of the Communist Party of China particularly emphasized that we must firmly grasp five major principles, namely, upholding and strengthening the overall leadership of the Party, adhering to the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road, adhering to the people-centered development thought, persisting in deepening reform and opening up, and persisting in carrying forward the spirit of struggle. We must keep in mind the regular understanding of the "Five Necessary Ways", that is, upholding the Party’s overall leadership is the only way to uphold and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics, Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, China people are the only way to create great historical achievements, implementing the new development concept is the only way for China to develop and grow in the new era, and strictly administering the Party is the only way for the Party to keep its vitality forever and take a good new road to catch the exam.

　　?

Today, Heartfelt Community published an article "The Past of Huawei’s Mobile Phone Operating System" yesterday, in which Wang Chenglu, President of CBG Software Department, described the mental journey of making software a Huawei mobile phone, especially the "Huawei Ark Compiler" they just released.

Simply put, a compiler is software that converts a high-level language used for program development into machine instructions, which can be understood as a bridge between software and hardware. The Ark Compiler will solve the problem that the existing bridge of Android is not smooth, and it is a real deep optimization and innovation of Android, which can be said to inject new vitality into the Android industry.

In Wang Chenglu’s view, from the feedback of the market and users, more and more consumers recognize that Huawei mobile phones are still smooth after long-term use, and there are fewer and fewer complaints about the poor experience of playing games with Huawei mobile phones. This is not only due to the rapid improvement of Huawei’s mobile phone chip and hardware capabilities, but also inseparable from the deep optimization and technological innovation of the software stack.

Wang Chenglu believes that consumer-oriented software is very different. The popular smartphone operating system finally left only iOS and Android. Unlike the closed iOS, which frames everything to ensure the experience, Android is an open source in the AOSP community led by Google, but the native Android is actually a Design Reference. There is no detailed and unified standard to follow in terms of how to choose and expand each function and how to interact with a large number of third-party APPs. All mobile phone manufacturers make a lot of adaptations and optimization modifications according to their own hardware platforms, product positioning and target user groups, and the ecological fragmentation is serious. Everything can only be based on the consumer experience.

After a lot of investigations and interviews, the team quickly found that the most criticized by Android users is the card after long-term use, which is also the first obstacle affecting the consumer experience.

In 2019, with the extension of the replacement cycle and the slowdown of the growth rate, the mobile phone industry has entered a state of saturated competition. On the basis that the hardware has been extremely competitive and gradually opened up its competitors, Huawei software has begun to continue to exert its strength. Wang Chenglu emphasized that only by always focusing on the user experience, consolidating the underlying core capabilities, constantly improving the software engineering capabilities, and building an open ecology can we achieve sustained business leadership.

On April 11th, Yu Chengdong, president of CBG, released P30 series mobile phones in Shanghai. After the press conference, a new term that sounds a bit obscure — — "Ark Compiler" quickly boarded the hot search list of the community, which triggered great concern and extensive discussion among IT practitioners, digital bloggers, senior code farmers and even ordinary consumers. "What is a compiler?" "What is the difference between Huawei Ark Compiler and Android native AOT/JIT(Ahead of Time/Just in Time)?" "What does the Ark compiler mean to the Android ecosystem?" And so on, netizens are very happy to discuss various issues of different shades, and many comments on the posts are brilliant. It must be said that the master is in the folk.

One of the netizens’ comments is very representative: "Yesterday’s Huawei conference surprised me that in this era, a domestic consumer electronics company will introduce the compiler as a highlight. Huawei’s continuous high investment in basic research and development, coupled with the fact that the market share of mobile terminals is the first in the world, makes ‘ Self-built ecology ’ The dream is possible for a China company for the first time. "

Compiler is the software that converts the high-level language used for program development into machine instructions, which can be understood as a bridge between software and hardware. What value will the Ark compiler bring? To put it simply, it is to solve the problem that the existing bridge of Android is not smooth, and it is a real deep optimization and innovation of Android, which can be said to inject new vitality into the Android industry.

This is just the latest achievement of a series of software innovations of Huawei. Today, from the feedback of the market and users, more and more consumers recognize that Huawei mobile phones are still smooth after long-term use, and there are fewer and fewer complaints about the poor experience of playing games with Huawei mobile phones. This is not only due to the rapid improvement of Huawei’s mobile phone chip and hardware capabilities, but also inseparable from the deep optimization and technological innovation of the software stack.

We are well aware that any technical optimization and innovation exploration of software and hardware must aim at the user experience. How does Huawei’s mobile phone operating system EMUI, which serves nearly 500 million online users, continuously innovate and introduce hard-core technology around the user experience?

The story has to start from a few years ago.

Three years ago, I was in charge of the central software institute of the laboratory in 2012. In July, a phone call from General Manager Yu gave me the opportunity to come to CBG to be responsible for the research and development of terminal software. The mood at that time was both excited and uneasy. The excitement is that I have been engaged in work closely related to software since I joined the company. In my mind, to complete large-scale industrialized software research and development is tantamount to designing and building a magnificent palace with 0 and 1 in the virtual world as building materials. How to make our construction achievements and processes reach world-class and bring value to our users and partners has always been my pursuit and dream.

The uneasiness also followed. Although they are all software research and development, the smartphone operating system is a brand-new field for me. First of all, the degree of standardization is very different. Telecom equipment software has very complete industry standards, such as ITU, 3GPP, IETF, etc., which actually standardize the network architecture and network element architecture. What R&D needs to do is to comply with certain development process specifications, such as IPD (Integrated Product Development), and reasonable project management to achieve the corresponding delivery goals. At the same time, the demand for telecom equipment and software is relatively clear and convergent, and the demand of hundreds of operators around the world is almost the same. Moreover, the main body of daily maintenance of the equipment is the operation and maintenance personnel with professional training and considerable technical level, who can feed back various problems in the use of the equipment relatively clearly and accurately.

Consumer-oriented software is quite different. The popular smartphone operating system finally left only iOS and Android. Unlike the closed iOS, which frames everything to ensure the experience, Android is an open source in the AOSP community led by Google, but the native Android is actually a Design Reference. There is no detailed and unified standard to follow in terms of how to choose and expand each function and how to interact with a large number of third-party APPs. All mobile phone manufacturers make a lot of adaptations and optimization modifications according to their own hardware platforms, product positioning and target user groups, and the ecological fragmentation is serious. Everything can only be based on the consumer experience.

What can we do to achieve the best user experience in the open environment of Android? When iOS has established a solid leading image through years of accumulation, how to make EMUI recognized by more and more consumers is the biggest challenge for me and the whole software team.

We decided to take "the best user experience" as the goal pursued by the terminal software. The first problem to be solved is, what affects the user experience the most? After a large number of investigations and interviews, the team quickly found that the most criticized by Android users is Caton after long-term use, which is also the first obstacle affecting the consumer experience.

A colleague who loves electronic products told me about his experience in using smart phones. After Android phones entered the era of big screen, in 2013, he bought the best Android phones S and H at that time, using top-level configuration, but after using them for more than a year, even if he didn’t do anything every night, he would consume more than ten percent of electricity; What he can’t stand even more is that it is almost commonplace to get stuck and crash, and it is necessary to constantly restart and clean up the memory before he can barely use it. In his words, it’s not that I’m using my mobile phone, but that it’s using me.

Why even with high hardware configuration, even the best Android phone at that time will face more stability and fluency problems? What factors caused the jam and crash after long-term use? We decided to "chew" Caton, the biggest hard bone. The EMUI team set up a special "special warfare team" to focus on tackling key problems. The special warfare team analyzed more than 400 mobile phones with dozens of models under Android system in detail. After repeated problem reappearance and full-stack analysis of software and hardware, the following four main reasons were found:

The loose management of Android system, the lack of rules in the use of resources by applications, is like building many roads without traffic rules, which eventually leads to congestion and chaos;

The hardware resources of the system are lack of coordination, so it is not possible to solve the problem only by increasing RAM resources, but to schedule and use resources more effectively.

The cumulative effect of storage fragmentation, with the increase of use time, storage fragmentation is becoming more and more serious, the speed of data reading and writing is obviously reduced, and the system jam is frequent and aggravated;

APP is expanding seriously, especially the function of head application keeps accumulating, which leads to the sharp increase of data generated, which seriously grabs system resources and drags down the running speed of the system.

These problems are almost related to the whole stack from chips to software. It is impossible to really solve the problem if we just respond passively. Only by comprehensive and systematic analysis can we come up with a comprehensive and thorough solution. However, the Android system itself is extremely huge, with hundreds of millions of lines of code. The challenge of "operating" on such a huge system can be imagined. Will it lead to other compatibility problems while optimizing? Is there enough ability to achieve the predetermined goal?

However, barely flying with a faulty engine will only lead to a bigger accident. It’s better to take a chance than to flinch. Through a lot of careful analysis and judgment, we are determined to burn our bridges — — Fuck! Finally, after repeated diagnosis and discussion by experts, five "prescriptions" were put forward to solve the above problems one by one.

To put it simply, artificial intelligence is the core, which analyzes the intelligence of the application side and judges the resource demand characteristics of the application (calculation-intensive, RAM-intensive, IO-intensive, etc.); On the hardware resource side, we can perceive the state of CPU, memory, IO(Input/Output), storage and other resources, realize the best matching between application requirements and hardware resources through AI algorithm, and timely and reasonably sort out and recycle idle resources, so as to solve the above-mentioned problems of hardware resource coordination and excessive expansion of APP occupied space.

For the problem of storage fragmentation, we have adopted a more radical scheme — — Replaced the Android native file system.

Android has been directly built on Linux since its birth, and its file system did not consider the rapid arrangement of fragmented files at first. For a long time, Android phones have inherited the file system from Linux, which is not friendly to Flash storage on smart phones and is also the main reason for fragmentation. We decided to replace the native file system with the F2FS(Flash Friendly File System) file system, not only because F2FS is tailor-made for Flash, but also because it can greatly avoid file fragmentation in mobile phones.

F2FS is original and open source by Youshang S Company. However, S company itself did not take the lead in using it. Because the file system determines the storage and access methods of all files on the storage, such as organ transplantation, the complexity and risk of replacing the file system are enormous.

Although we have carefully verified it in the laboratory for more than half a year, the high complexity and high risk of replacing the file system are still the biggest concerns in decision-making. After repeated analysis, the software management team and the technical team finally made a decisive decision and signed a military order with CBG, promising to "deal with it by military law" if it failed or went wrong.

Thanks to the team’s courageous and cautious execution, the F2FS file system was finally replaced successfully, which became the most important part of the whole scheme to solve the stubborn disease of Caton.

In 2016, along with the EMUI5.0 released by Mate 9 series, we took an easy-to-understand name for this solution to Android jams, which was called "born fast and life fast", and promised consumers that they would not be stuck for 18 months. This seemingly "bragging" promise at that time has become a reality today. Judging from the market reaction and consumer feedback, in the Android camp, Huawei mobile phones took the lead in getting rid of the "Caton" hat.

In 2018, Google absorbed F2FS into the native version of Android, which benefited all Android manufacturers and made a valuable contribution to the Android ecosystem. So far, Google’s self-developed mobile phone Pixel 3 also uses the F2FS file system.

Based on rational technical judgment and decisive decision, we are one step ahead of all Android manufacturers. What’s more commendable is that in order to achieve safe replacement, our team was forced to carefully analyze the bottom of the native system without retreat, and practiced while fighting, which allowed our team to accumulate very valuable experience and taste the sweetness of deeply optimizing Android. In the first exam, the software team and I initially gained the trust of the CBG management team and had a good starting point.

In the process of solving the stubborn disease of Caton, we found that the looseness of Android ecosystem is a challenge, which cannot be solved by technology, but it is closely related to the user experience.

Compared with iOS’s strict control over ecology, Android ecology mainly relies on players’ self-discipline. For an inappropriate analogy, the Android native system is like a highway repaired by Google. Google imagines that the road is naturally a motor vehicle that abides by traffic rules, but the actual situation is that not only motor vehicles are on the road, but all kinds of ox carts, carriages, tricycles and pedestrians are coming, and there is no traffic police (priority dispatching system) to manage it, so congestion becomes the norm.

This situation is particularly serious in China. The technology continuously invested by mobile phone manufacturers only makes the end-side operating environment more and more efficient and tidy. However, the mixed application market has a great impact on the user experience. Android phone manufacturers not only have their own application market, but also have a wide variety of third-party application markets. In addition, they can download and install Apps through browser links, as well as various Trojan apps and malicious software, which guide each other to install, disguise the background, and apply for mobile phone system resources without restrictions. The problem brought about is that the use of Android system resources by apps is extremely irregular and even malicious.

As a result, the user experience is constantly damaged. Huawei is faced with a choice: follow the crowd, or take the lead in raising the banner, unite with heavyweight eco-players, gradually standardize and purify the Android ecosystem, and return the quality experience to consumers? It is not enough to rely on the continuous technical investment and optimization of mobile phone manufacturers themselves. It is a necessary step for Huawei’s terminal software to move towards the "deep water area" of ecological coordination.

After a lot of preliminary communication and discussion, on November 14th, 2016, at the Mate 9 series conference in Shanghai, Huawei jointly launched the Android Green Alliance with Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent and Netease. As an open non-profit organization, we hope to jointly build a green application environment for Android in China, create a safe, reliable, credible and healthy application ecosystem, and bring the ultimate application experience to consumers.

After the establishment of the Android Green Alliance, the experience and wisdom of the sponsors were concentrated, and the 1.0 and 2.0 versions of the Android Green Alliance Application Experience Standard were successively launched, covering the compatibility, stability, security, power consumption and performance standards of application installation and operation. At the same time, it has developed more than 1,000 member companies, covering 80% of mainstream applications.

On the Android Green Alliance platform, Huawei has provided more than 3,000 test machines, which are open to all Android application developers free of charge. As long as you log in remotely, you can apply for the corresponding test resources and perform tests. At the same time, Huawei shared the changes of the latest version of Android to domestic developers in time, which greatly improved the adaptation efficiency of Android applications in the new version.

Mark the applications that have passed the "Android Green Application Experience Standard" as "Green Application", so that consumers can understand the application quality at a glance when downloading the application and can use it with peace of mind. Through more than two years of cooperation, Lvmeng has helped more than 200,000 developers to conduct free testing and traction of Top 3000 Android applications, reducing high power consumption and abuse of rights. Consumers, application developers, Internet vendors and mobile phone manufacturers all benefit from this. Participants in the entire Android ecosystem are willing to share experiences and innovate together on this platform. In 2018, four innovation working groups were established, namely, AI open ecological cooperation, AI security design scheme, AR and game acceleration.

We will continue to develop the Android Green Alliance with our partners, hoping that it can become a bright light for the whole industry, survive the fittest and bring the ultimate application experience to all Android users.

In June 2018, Mr. Yu released the "scary technology" GPU Turbo in Beijing, which not only caused other manufacturers to follow the trend of "scary" and "Turbo", but also caused a big discussion about the technology behind it in some major science and technology forums.

The rapid development of the game industry on mobile phones is beyond many people’s expectations, and almost half of the users are mobile game users. As early as 2016, domestic mobile games have occupied half of the game market, and the popularity of "hardcore" games, such as the glory of the king and Eat Chicken, has pushed the requirements of games for the graphics processing ability of mobile phones to an unprecedented height. However, due to the limitation of ARM Mali GPU, Huawei mobile phone users’ complaints about the game experience have increased sharply in the PK of GPUs with other top friends.

Can the experience of mobile games only rely on the processing power of GPU, or be similar to some so-called game phone stacking? Can it be optimized by soft and hard cooperation like the performance of the whole machine? These problems have entered our field of vision. Just do it, and the related work will start immediately.

In February 2017, we launched a research on the graphics processing performance of mobile phones. Although the newly joined overseas graphics processing experts have given valuable ideas, the whole process of tackling the problem is not a Ma Pingchuan. It has gone through countless attempts, approaches and reinventions. "If you win, you will raise a glass to celebrate, and if you lose, you will be desperate to save each other." Experts from the United States, Finland, Russia, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai, regardless of their departments, worked day and night, and finally achieved the expected goal.

When we finally said that GPU Turbo can improve game performance and reduce power consumption at the same time, the industry began to question it, and everyone felt that this logic was contrary to common sense. However, we have sufficient confidence, from GPU Pipeline (processing queue) and CPU/GPU joint scheduling, to the detailed interpretation and careful adjustment of the instructions of OPEN GL (open graphics library), to the reconstruction of graphics processing engine and the cleaning of application load, and the complete full-stack analysis and solutions, so that we have enough technical confidence and dare to disclose our goals and commitments.

On June 6 th, at the press conference, the famous technology platform broadcasted the same game match between Glory Play equipped with GPU Turbo and other friendly mobile phones. In terms of hard indicators such as frame rate, jitter rate, frame drop and power consumption, glory Play wins! More than an hour of real-time battle, let the industry see the strength of GPU Turbo. After the launch of GPU Turbo, the response exceeded expectations, and various spontaneous evaluations by third parties also confirmed that Huawei mobile phones have stabilized the first camp of game performance.

Behind any success is hard work and sweat. All the R&D brothers who participated in the GPU Turbo project can’t remember how many sleepless nights they have experienced. And we always remember that devoting ourselves to technology and focusing on improving the user experience is the king of continuously changing the user’s concept and enhancing the brand and reputation.

At the beginning of July 2018, the afterheat of the listing of GPU Turbo has not dissipated, and suddenly a user complaint caught the attention of the maintenance and marketing team. A considerable number of users have upgraded GPU Turbo, and with the update of a popular game, many scenes have appeared. Because it involves Huawei and game makers, who is it, and whether there is any story in the middle, it quickly became the content of media speculation, and all kinds of statements came one after another.

Although there are many voices, for us, the user experience is the most important. Only two days later, the EMUI team quickly launched a patch package of about 2MB, which quickly solved the problem. Our quick response ability has won almost unanimous praise from consumers.

This rapid patch upgrade capability is unique to Huawei in the terminal field, and other Android manufacturers do not have it. Behind this is the software engineering capability that the EMUI team has been building for several years: three hard-core capabilities: code common trunk, full-stack architecture decoupling and version automatic generation.

If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first, and software engineering ability is the "tool" of software research and development. Strong software engineering ability is an important part of software research and development, and it is also a hard-core technology of software research and development.

More than three years ago, EMUI had different backbones based on Hess Kirin, Qualcomm and MTK chips. The backbone is only a physical code warehouse, and the quality is basically not guaranteed. Each product version is a branch pulled from the trunk, and the relevant features are manually selected by product managers and development representatives, which is extremely inefficient and the quality cannot be guaranteed. It seems to be "efficient" from the perspective of a single product, but it is almost difficult to achieve the consistency of functional characteristics and the inheritability of quality of each product. No stock model can upgrade the new version of the whole network. This makes the whole software team have a heavy workload, but it is inefficient and has no inheritance, which makes the team exhausted and unable to cope with the upcoming massive delivery.

Since the project of EMUI5.0 version 5.0 was established, the delivery has adopted a full solution operation mode, which integrates user interaction, OS (operating system), Hisilicon, communication protocol and Android native modules into unified planning, homologous design, homologous development and homologous testing. Solution dependencies are well identified and managed, and plans are aligned. At the same time, we set the target of sharing the backbone of HiSilicon Kirin and Qualcomm (MTK platform will be merged into the backbone in 2018, and at this point, one backbone of Huawei EMUI is compatible with three major hardware platforms). The code merging into the backbone is strictly controlled and the quality is given priority, which ensures the code quality of the backbone.

There is no need to pull branches for each product, and the version can be published directly according to the corresponding product at the release point. The backbone version can achieve a full round of automatic testing every week, with better quality and more efficient delivery, and this ability can be continuously passed down. Although the realization of the common trunk has caused a lot of "torture" to the product line and the software R&D team, today’s gains make all the pain worthwhile.

Architecture is the skeleton of software, the foundation and unified language for software teams to work together. Based on Android native system, EMUI has a total code line of over 100 million, which is almost twice that of wireless product line. Such a large-scale code needs to be upgraded in a big version every year, and the amount of changes and additions of Android native code exceeds tens of millions of lines every year. The ambiguity and coupling of architecture make the development of new functions, the modification and change of existing functions, and even the repair of bugs extremely painful, and the flesh and blood skeleton is a mess, which affects the whole body. In fact, such a system has been difficult to maintain and develop continuously. The choice and decoupling of architecture has become a necessity.

I am especially grateful to Yu Zong and He Gang, president of the mobile phone product line, for their support and trust. At that time, when human resources were limited, I was allowed to take out 40% of my manpower to start the architecture decoupling and reconstruction of the entire EMUI stack. The Architecture Department took on this historical mission, and Hu Zheng, an 8-level expert in software, started the architecture decoupling work for more than three years. After many discussions and fierce debates, this work finally lasted for the past few years and made great contributions to the delivery efficiency and quality of EMUI today.

A clear and decoupleable architecture is the unified work foundation within the software team and the common language for our cooperation with the industry, which makes it possible for us to "draw out" the corresponding Android components. This is also the basis for EMUI to quickly replace file system, intelligent scheduling system and realize full-stack patch in the past few years. The new version of Google is also absorbing our excellent practices. We are at the forefront of the industry in the ability of system-wide decoupling.

Finally, the automatic generation ability of the version. The requirements of mobile phone versions are complex, including open channels, operator channels and other different versions. Plus a combination of high, medium and low-grade machines, there are tens of thousands of versions released every year. Version management and publishing are extremely complicated. CCM (Automatic Version Compilation and Configuration Platform) developed by CBG software team has made great contributions to solving this problem. Open market, operator market, different countries, without configuration, etc. are all abstracted as configurable parameters, and the total number of participants is several thousand. When a version needs to be published, according to the demand of the target market, after selecting and modifying the corresponding configuration, one-click configuration distribution can generate the corresponding version. The whole process is efficient and of high quality. Since this system went online, we have saved 200+ software configuration manpower, and it has been running smoothly with zero errors.

At present, the daily users of EMUI are close to 500 million. With the release of each new version, in addition to supporting the launch of new machines, more and more models can be upgraded at the same time, which has directly benefited consumers, and we have gained more and more support and recognition from consumers.

In recent years, in the field of software development, internetization and DevOps are very hot topics. I want to talk about some experiences in the practice of EMUI software development. The full stack of EMUI includes APPs, middleware and OS. If R&D personnel are all required to be young, and IPD must be abandoned and the iterative method of the Internet is adopted, this practice is not reasonable, and it is easy to mislead the team and leaders about EMUI software R&D..

It will be a disaster to unilaterally carry out rejuvenation and iterative development before software engineering capabilities such as common backbone and architecture decoupling are available. It is right that upper-level APPs need young people and fast iteration, but middleware and OS need experience first and innovation second. Without years of experience, it is impossible to do the underlying software well. Without a good bottom layer, the application experience of the upper layer will not be much better.

Today, when the EMUI architecture is completely decoupled, APPs has developed independently from the EMUI platform, and the idea of architecture decoupling has also been implemented in the development and implementation of APPs, realizing independent planning, development and delivery on the shelves, as well as rapid iteration of the full-featured team, which is very close to the Internet development model. The basic platform of EMUI is still based on IPD process, which is developed and accumulated in a down-to-earth manner as planned to achieve the best quality. It is misleading to think that talking about IPD without talking about DevOps is a representative of backwardness. IPD and DevOps are actually tools. The key is to accurately grasp the business demands and choose the most suitable mode and tool according to the business characteristics.

In 2019, with the extension of the replacement cycle and the slowdown of the growth rate, the mobile phone industry has entered a state of saturated competition. On the basis that the hardware has been extremely competitive and gradually got rid of its competitors, Huawei software has begun to exert its strength continuously, and the close cooperation between software and hardware will make the competitiveness of Huawei terminals continue. We have reason to look forward to the future of Huawei terminals!

Always focus on the user experience, consolidate the underlying core capabilities, continuously improve the software engineering capabilities, and build an open ecology. We are confident that EMUI will become the hard power of Huawei mobile phones. The road to user experience improvement and innovation is endless.